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Modding Diablo 2 on macOS: PlugY, Enjoy-SP and more

A lot can be changed and tweaked in Diablo 2 – however, lots of modding sites went down in the last couple of years, so it is getting increasingly harder to gain some info on how to do it – especially when running under Wine(skin) on Mac OS X.

In this article I will be slowly gathering my own experiences and manuals for modding and tweaking Diablo II 1.13d. This is and will remain a workinprogress.

Which Diablo II to install?

This is probably obvious, but get Diablo II with expansion (Lord of Destruction). Without it you will miss most of the game content and many programs must be configured differently for basic game (or do not work at all).

Native Mac OS X version or PC version under Wine(skin)?

Blizzard released native Diablo II for Mac. However, since files in this version are different from the PC version, majority of mods simply won't work. I therefore prefer to use PC version of Diablo II running under Wine(skin).

Diablo II version to pick

  • The latest Diablo II version is currently 1.14d (released June 7, 2016).
  • However, the last version that changed anything gameplaywise is 1.13d (released October 27, 2011).
  • And the last content patch was 1.13c (released March 23, 2010).

Therefore everything after patch 1.13d are just tweaks for new operation systems – see version history. This is important to know since some editors and modding programs will not work when Diablo II data (like items, skills, monsters) are changed. Any program that works with Diablo II 1.13c will work with all later versions.

Wineskin installation setup

Installation is easy and nonproblematic, do not expect anything fancy. I prefer using Wineskin, since that way I can isolate different Windows games and programs.

In the rest of this article, I will assume you are using Diablo 2 LoD 1.13d running under Wineskin.

Basic mods: PlugY and Enjoy-SP

These are the basic mods I always use. They are both based on the idea that playing vanilla Diablo II in single player is actually much harder and less fun than multiplayer. They are therefore aimed to make singleplayer more enjoyable, but not necessarily easy.

PlugY v14.02

  • Download here: http://plugy.free.fr/
  • Current version (14.02) works with any version of Diablo II up to 1.14d

What does it do?

  • Adds infinite storage space for stash + creates shared storage stash.
  • Enables the ladder-only runewords for singleplayer and TCP/IP game.
  • Enables the World Event and Pandemonium Event (Uber Quest) for singleplayer and TCP/IP game.
  • Unassign assigned skills and stats points.
  • Added some pages for display more characters stats.
  • Display item level in its popup.
  • Display the current stats value (without magical bonus).
  • … and much more (read the official page)

Enjoy-SP v1.7

What does it do?

  • Enables all ladderonly rune words and uniques
  • Increases experience gain on higher levels (or, more precisely, eliminates the ExpRatio decrease starting from level 70)
  • Increased the chance of getting uniques, rares and sets when gambling
  • Increases drop rates of uniques, rares, sets, runes and gems and decreases junkdrops
  • Further increases drops from all bosses (Act, Super Uniques, Uniques) and adds new MiniBoss class. Additionally, Ancients now drop items.
  • Decreases the itemlevel and the requiredlevel of 80+ weapons and armors, and slightly decreases the required level of all uniques
  • Changed some Cube recipes, added recipes for socketing unique and set items (1 socket only) and normal and superior items (up to 6 sockets), simplified desocketing and upgrading runes
  • … and much more (read the official page)

Installing PlugY and Enjoy-SP together

TODO

Tweaks and small changes

General modding guidelines and info

  • TODO Explain Order of loading files
  • TODO direct txt commands

Note that the direct txt command is a 2 command function:

  • the txt command tells the game to generate the binary files in the excel folder on start up.
  • the direct tells the game to load the “data” folder first and only then the .mpq files.

So if you are starting a mod for the first time with only txt files in the excel folder and no bins, use the direct txt and start a new character. This will generate the bins for the first time. After the bin files are generated, you only need to use the direct command. The direct command loads the data folder only and doesn't need to regenerate the bins, if they are already there.

The point here is that the direct command is all you need the load the data folder, the txt command is not needed all the time, only for the firsttime generation of bin files.

Also note that to reload these txt/bin files, you do not need to exit game – they are generated and loaded when you load the game from the character screen.

Changing colour of gems on ground (when holding Alt)

To do this, you need to prepend special colour codes (or their escape sequences, if the TBL editor you use allows it) to names of all gems in /mod/data/local/LNG/ENG/string.tbl file (which itself is by default packed inside Patch_D2.mpq file).

Allow Jewels and Charms to be gambled

You need to add Jewels and Charms to the list of items allowed to be generated by gamble routine in /mod/data/global/excel/Gamble.txt. To do this, append these lines to the end of file:

Small Charm	cm1
Large Charm	cm2
Grand Charm	cm3
Jewel	jew

Some important notes:

  • You must end the file with a newline, otherwise game wouldn't recognize the item type written in the last line.
  • If you want to add another item types, you might find their codes in /mod/data/global/excel/Misc.txt (column code). They are also references from TreasureClassEx.txt file (columns ItemX).
  • If you want some items to appear more frequently in gambling window, you might list them several times in the file.

Change probability of Exceptional and Elite items in gambling

This is controlled by columns GambleUber and GambleUltra in /mod/data/global/excel/DifficultyLevels.txt. The probability for an Exceptional/Elite item to be generated is calculated with the following formula (see How are Exceptional/Elite items generated?):

  • Exceptional: exceptionalProbability = max{0%, (ilvl – qlvlV) * 0.9% + 1%}
  • Elite: eliteProbability = max{0%, (ilvl ? qlvlE) * 0.33% + 1%}
  • where ilvl = clvl (5 to +4) and qlvl = quality lvl of base item to be generated (e.g. 33 for Demonhide gloves)

The constants (0.9% and 0.33%, respectively), are defined (as 90 and 33) in the file. My suggested setup is this:

Name	[…]	GambleRare	GambleSet	GambleUnique	GambleUber	GambleUltra
Normal	[…]	100000	15000	15000	50	50
Nightmare	[…]	100000	15000	15000	200	200
Hell	[…]	100000	15000	15000	800	800

So no magiconly items (we are gambling, we want something real!), only unique items with 15% probability (in file written as portion of 100000, so 15000), set items with 15% probability (again 15000 in file) and rare items (the rest, i.e. 70% – in file written as 100000 to catch the rest). I have set the probability of getting Exceptional/Elite item to 0.5%/2%/8% (for Normal/Nightmare/Hell, respectively) per one item level (ilvl) above quality level (qlvl).

Gambling for Unique Circlets

If you are gambling for exceptional or elite versions of unique/set circlets, remember that only Coronets (and not Circlets!) can be upgraded in gambling window into Tiaras or Diadems. See The complete overview guide to Gambling in Diablo 2 and PoD.

The Cow King in Enjoy-SP does not drop his unique Cow King's Leathers set items – here's how to fix it

The problem is that EnjoySP replaces The Cow King with The Cow Chieftain (looks like The Smith in Barracks), which prevents the game from recognizing that this monster is actually the Cow King which could drop Cow King's Leathers set items. To fix this:

  1. in /mod/data/global/excel/MonPreset.txt replace this line:
    1	The Old Cow King

    with this line:

    1	The Cow King
  2. and in /mod/data/global/excel/TreasureClassEx.txt replace these lines:
    Cow King			7	850	983	983	1024	0	Act 1 Uitem C	1	Act 1 Melee B	2																				0
    Cow King (N)			7	850	983	983	1024	0	Act 1 (H) Uitem C	1	Act 1 (N) Melee B	2																				0
    Cow King (H)			7	850	983	983	1024	0	Act 1 (H) Uitem C	1	Act 1 (H) Melee B	2																				0

    with these lines:

    Cow King			7	850	983	983	1024	0	Act 5 Equip C	15	Act 5 Good	3	Cowset	1																		0
    Cow King (N)			7	850	983	983	1024	0	Act 5 (N) Equip C	15	Act 5 (N) Good	3	Cowset	2																		0
    Cow King (H)			7	850	983	983	1024	0	Act 5 (H) Equip C	45	Act 5 (H) Good	15	Cowset	3	r33	1																0

This will restore the original Cow King (which is needed for Diablo II code to allow the drop of Cow King's Leathers) and and the same time keep the enhanced Cow King's drops from EnjoySP.

Note that this won't assure that the Cow King will actually drop anything from his set, it only gives him a chance to do so. However, in EnjoySP/Plugy (don't know if also in original game – probably not), you might open the portal to The Secret Cow Level several times – you just have to Save and Exit game between your runs. To do so, repeatedly go to Tristram through The Stony Field teleport to obtain Wirt's Leg and open the portal (Horadric Cube → Tome of Town Portal + Wirt's Leg → opens portal to The Secret Cow Level).

Tweaking shrines

TODO

Disable unwanted shrines:

  • in /mod/data/global/excel/Shrines.txt set required level so high that they will never appear (200+)

Make monster shrine reusable after some time (so that you can generate more uniques, yay!)

  • set column reset time in minutes to e.g. 1 (the column is in minutes)

My version: only spawn monster, experience and gem shrines, disable other shrines

  • change effectclass column values so that the only enabled shrine with effectclass 4 is Warping Shrine and the only enabled shrines with effectclass 1 are Shrine of Enirhs, Experience Boost and Gem Upgrade
  • note that the chance for effect class 1 is 10% while the chance for effect class 4 is 90% (see The Shrining guide).
  • Shrine of Enirhs is out, but it can still be rolled by game, and if so, the game will instead spawn Gem Upgrade shrine.

Good sources for info:

  • x

Programs & Editors

Save-game editors (Trainers)

  • Preferred (tested, working):
    • Hero Editor 1.04: download here. Note that it must be properly installed, not just copied over, as it copies some files to windows.
  • Other (untested or not properly working):

TBL editors – editing game texts (strings)

Game texts are stored inside *.tbl files, which themselves are packed in three different source *.mpq files:

  • string.tbl is in d2data.mpq and contains texts for original Diablo 2 release;
  • expansionstring.tbl is in d2exp.mpq and contains texts from Lord of Destruction expansion;
  • patchstring.tbl is in patch_d2.mpq and contains the texts from the current patch.

Game “loads” its texts in this order, so the latter will override the earlier files – e.g. if the particular text from original Diablo II gets redefined in the expansion, and later again by a patch, game will use the text from patch (pretty clever).

  • Preferred (tested, working):
    • AFJ tbl Editor 1.12: download here. This is the best editor to use. It has support for colour code escape sequences, does not have any program dependency and I have tested it and it simply works. Two important notes:
      • To install AFJ tbl Editor, you have to set Wineskin compatibility mode to Windows XP (Wineskin → Tools → Config Utility)
      • Most places on the internet offer you to download version 1.11. This version is broken and does not work. You need to download version 1.12 from the link provided above. It has two variants: Unicode and “normal” version. Unicode works for me, so start with that and if it does not work for you, download the other version.
  • Other (untested or not properly working):

Others

TODO

Gameplay Tips

Types of Monsters

As EnjoySP increases drops from all bosses and unique monsters, running for them is now more important and much more fun.

There are three basic types of monsters in Diablo II (see monster basics here or here):

  1. Normal monsters with white name: mobs not really worth anything
  2. Champion monsters with blue name (see here or here): spawned randomly; they appear in 5 varieties: Berserker, Champion, Fanatic, Ghostly or a Possessed champion monster. They are all much harder to kill, but not really worth the time.
  3. Unique monsters with golden name (see below): these include ordinary unique monsters, which are spawned randomly, and super unique monsters spawned always at the same place; and they all drop the best items.

With a MiniBoss class introduced by EnjoySP, there are now 4 kinds of unique monsters (ordered by drop rates from best to least interesting):

  1. Act Bosses (see here or here):
  2. Mini Bosses are Super Unique monsters “elevated” by EnjoySP mod, so they are stronger and have much better drops:
    • Act I:
      • Blood Raven, Griswold, The Smith, The Countess
    • Act II:
      • Radament, The Worm, The Summoner
    • Act III:
      • The 5 Council members
    • Act IV:
      • Izual, Hephasto, the 3 SealLords
    • Act V:
      • Shenk, the 3 Ancients, Pindleskin, Nilathak
  3. Super Unique Monsters (see here or here or this list with the exact location and treasure class of all superunique monsters):
    • Act I:
      • TODO
    • Act II:
      • TODO
    • Act III:
      • TODO
    • Act IV:
      • TODO
    • Act V:
      • TODO
  4. Unique Monsters (see here or here):
    • These are spawned randomly, but if you see them, you should kill them, as with EnjoySP they drop good stuff too.

Horadric Cube Recipes

This is the complete list of Cube Recipes, taking into account both original Diablo II recipes, and recipes changed or introduced by EnjoySP mod:

  • TODO

Reference pages and Online Resources

General pages

Gameplay

Horadric Cube

Jewels

Charms

Shrines

Gambling

Modding

Increased Attack Speed, Faster Block Rate, Faster Cast Rate and Breakpoints

Experience and Fast levelling

Character Builds

Comments

2021/04/13 19:54 · Róbert Toth

Download Safari 13.1.2 after Safari 14 has been released

Apple has this ugly habit that it does not offer you to download previous versions of its software after newer versions came out. But now with serious Safari 14 problems on Mojave, it might make sense to only upgrade Safari to its latest 13th version.

The problem

If you are stuck with Mojave, avoid installing Security Update 2020004, Security Update 2020005 and Safari 14. These three in combination are causing critical performance issues on Mojave.

Instead, only install Mojave Security Update 2020003:

https://support.apple.com/kb/DL2042?locale=en_US

and update Safari to 13.1.2, which is (for now) the last functioning version.

Latest Safari 13

Safari 13.1.2 for High Sierra:

http://swcdn.apple.com/content/downloads/33/34/061-96797-A_PBSVGZX5CC/dt6bdxuqhtv0ck6n0ukx62xry7p6svl9bp/Safari13.1.2HighSierraAuto.pkg

Safari 13.1.2 for Mojave:

http://swcdn.apple.com/content/downloads/38/62/061-98246-A_DETHLIXKPC/njpb63acy0z0rgpdpewxts5rfjlkhtdvcy/Safari13.1.2MojaveAuto.pkg

Other Safari versions

Safari 13.0 for High Sierra:

http://swcdn.apple.com/content/downloads/56/40/041-98188-A_CVBU5AMWDQ/rca641qzdrg6jscdip42rrsa9860ajps10/Safari13.0HighSierra.pkg

Safari 13.0 for Mojave:

http://swcdn.apple.com/content/downloads/21/46/041-98185-A_T4U6Z3I0PX/tcq0z3b6tmc1xfmz68wfsuhf9dapt5v1u4/Safari13.0MojaveAuto.pkg

Safari 14.0 for Mojave:

http://swcdn.apple.com/content/downloads/20/07/001-50026-A_8ANV58XVC7/nvqtw8plal39y2598inzzco2ekccgrrkx8/Safari14.0MojaveAuto.pkg

Safari 14.0 for Catalina:

http://swcdn.apple.com/content/downloads/00/48/001-50020-A_14M4NE130Q/q4lojf164rqsmp57dawdtgs25ut2d1j44m/Safari14.0CatalinaAuto.pkg

References

Comments

2020/09/29 19:07 · Róbert Toth

Converting between Unix Timestamp and Local Date in Google sheets

Google sheets do not offer any straightforward way to convert from Unix Timestamp (that is, the number of seconds that passed since 1 January 1970) to local date and vice versa. If you are web admin, this is something you will sooner or later need when passing data between Google sheets and server SQL database.

Little math behind

Unix Timestamp is the number of seconds that passed since 1 January 1970, which marks the start of Unix epoch.

The “magic constant” in formulae below is 86400, which is the number of seconds in single day (24*60*60).

The second one is DATE(1970,1,1), which generates the starting day of Unix epoch. This is the reference date which has the timestamp 0. All dates before this date will have negative timestamp, while dates after it a positive one.

Converting (local) date to timestamp

First, the general formula is this:

timestamp = (localDateTime - unixEpochDate - timezoneShift)*daySeconds

In the case of 4 September 2020 9:54:25am GMT+2 (Slovakia during summer time), this translates into the following formula in Google sheets:

timestamp = ( localDateTime                     - unixEpochDate    - timezoneShift  ) * daySeconds
                ↓                                   ↓                  ↓                  ↓
timestamp = ( (DATE(2020,09,04)+time(09,54,25)) - DATE(1970,01,01) - time(02,00,00) ) * 86400

:!: Note that you need to subtract a positive GMT shift (so GMT+05:30 becomes time(05,30,00)) and, vice versa, add a negative timezone shift (so GMT4 becomes + time(04,00,00)).

When you have a cell with date string which you need to convert into timestamp, you can reference the cell directly, so the final formula will be:

= ( <cellRef> - DATE(1970,01,01) - time(02,00,00) ) * 86400
= ( $J10      - DATE(1970,01,01) - time(02,00,00) ) * 86400

:!: If you ever encounter Google Sheets refusing to accept and convert your date string with a weird Error DATEVALUE parameter '04/09/2020' cannot be parsed to date/time, try doing this:

  1. Change the format of all your dates to Plain text (in Format → Number → menu)
  2. Change the locale of your sheet into United Kingdom (in File → Spreadsheet settings menu)
  3. Change the format of all your dates back to Date
  4. Formula should work now!

Converting timestamp to (local) date

This is an exact reverse of the previous procedure, so the general formula is this:

localDateTime = (timestamp / daySeconds) + unixEpochDate + timezoneShift

So in the case of 1599206065 timestamp in GMT+2 (Slovakia during summer time), this will become in Google sheets:

localDateTime = (timestamp  / daySeconds) + unixEpochDate    + timezoneShift
                   ↓            ↓             ↓                  ↓
localDateTime = (1599206065 / 86400)      + DATE(1970,01,01) + time(02,00,00)

:!: Note that the timezonemanipulation in here is the opposite of the previous formula, so you need to add a positive GMT shift (so GMT+05:30 becomes + time(05,30,00)) and, vice versa, subtract a negative timezone shift (so GMT4 becomes time(04,00,00)).

Again, with cell reference containing the timestamp that needs to be converted, the final formula will be:

= (<cellRef> / 86400) + DATE(1970,01,01) + time(02,00,00)
= ($J10      / 86400) + DATE(1970,01,01) + time(02,00,00)

And that's it!

See also

Comments

2020/09/04 10:47 · Róbert Toth

Zistenie podpory 4G na SIM karte

Operátori tvrdia, že už roky vydávajú iba SIM karty podporujúce 4G internet (LTE), napriek tomu som tento týždeň riešil problém nefungujúceho 4G pripojenia, ktorý skončil pri tom, že moja SIM karta je ešte stará “3Gčka”. V tomto článku preto nájdete odkazy na zistenie podpory 4G pre všetkých operátorov.

Overenie podpory 4G na SIM karte

Rýchly zoznam odkazov na overenie 4G podpory pre SIM

  • Telekom (platí aj pre službu Juro):
    Pôvodná stránka na overovanie je už nefunkčná, ale stále funguje archivovaná verzia tu.
  • Orange (platí aj pre službu Funfón):
    Umožňoval overovanie na adrese www.orange.sk/4g,1) ale stránka je momentálne už nefunkčná.
  • 4ka:
    Neumožňuje overovanie, ale všetky SIMky, ktoré boli vydané operátorom 4ka, už 4G automaticky podporujú.

Problém s operátorom Telekom

Telekom má na svojom webe už roky nefunkčný odkaz na zistenie, či Vaša SIM karta podporuje 4G internet (www.telekom.sk/internet/4g-internet/podporuje-moja-sim-karta-4g). Na túto stránku odkazujú z "hlavnej stránky" pre 4G internet.

Overovanie však stále funguje zo staršej verzie tejto stránky z roku 2017, ktorá je archivovaná tu (prípadne ešte staršia verzia tu).

Aktuálne pokrytie 4G sieťou

Aktuálne v pokrytí vyhráva operátor O2. Orange má 96.0%, Telekom 94.6%, O2 97.4% a 4ka 80.0% pokrytie Slovenska.

Prehľad o pokrytí 4G sieťou z Júna 2020 je tu: www.mojandroid.sk/operatori-4g-pokrytie/.

Comments

2020/06/25 12:20 · Róbert Toth

Workshop on Plato’s Theory of Forms

A close reading and discussion of a new manuscript by Vasilis Politis.

Held Friday 14 Sunday 16 February 2020.

#1 Plato's Theory of Forms as a theory of Essence [Vasilis Politis]

  • Forms simply are essences, not things that have essences. [pace Vlastos around 50ties]
  • But the whole theory of selfpredication presupposes that Forms only have essences.
  • Aristotle in Metaphysics Zeta.6: Plato thinks that what the thing is is identical to its essence:
Again, that to which the essence of good does not belong is not good.The good, then, must be one with the essence of good, and the beautiful with the essence of beauty, and so with all things which do not depend on something else but are selfsubsistent and primary. For it is enough if they are this, even if they are not Forms; or rather, perhaps, even if they are Forms. (At the same time it is clear that if there are Ideas such as some people say there are, it will not be substratum that is substance; for these must be substances, but not predicable of a substratum; for if they were they would exist only by being participated in.)

Each thing itself, then, and its essence are one and the same.

#2 Why cannot the ti esti question be answered by example and exemplar? [Margaret Hampson]

  • Based on Hippias Major 286+, Vasilis draws 4 propositions from the text:
    1. Definition by example and exemplar:
      • It is possible to give an account of what a quality, F, is by appeal to a particular thing that is F, if this thing is chosen for its suitability as an example and exemplar of a thing that is F and, therefore, as a standard for a thing’s being F.
    2. The onestandardformanycases requirement of definition:
      • A particular thing that is F, in so far as it is used as a standard for a thing’s being F, is suitable for determining of a plurality of things whether or not they are F.
    3. The rejection of the onestandardforallcases requirement of definition:
      • It is not the case that there is some one thing that is F and is suitable for determining of all things whether or not they are F.
    4. The possibility of any horizontal comparisons in F:
      • It is possible to make comparisons in F between the examples and exemplars of F themselves, however different they may be.
  • According to P3, it is not the case that there is some one thing that is F and is suitable for determining of all things whether or not they are F. But P4, in conjunction with P1, requires that there be such a thing.
    • Is it possible that for Hippias, P1 and P3 were compatible because he believed in plurality of what Beauty is? In other words, does he take the quality beauty to be, in a sense, plural?
  • How to interpret the “ονκ άξιον” [does not deserve / is not worthy] to be called beauty in 288?
    • Did we discover that things suddenly become both F and notF, or that they can be more or less F?
  • Some people have doubted the authenticity of the Hippias Major dialogue, based on a claim that it does not offer any significant contribution to Plato's philosophy.
    • But if Vasilis' reading is correct, Hippias Major does contain an important contribution to Plato's project. Therefore, Vasilis doesn't need to defend himself against the claim of possible (in)authenticity of the dialogue, because he has just refuted the foundation on which that claim was built in the first place.

#3 Why cannot essences, or forms, be perceived by the senses? [Peter Larsen]

  • Passages where Plato claims that Forms cannot be perceived by the senses:
    1. Phaedo 65de
    2. Phaedo 78c79a
    3. Timaeus51e52a
  • Standard answer:
    • “Plato’s Forms are changeless, nonphysical things, and only physical things, things in space and time and subject to physical change, can be perceived by the senses.”
  • Vasilis' answer:
    • It's the other way around. The standard answer “ignores, or else gets the wrong way round, the relation between Plato’s claim, […] that the Forms of certain qualities cannot be perceived by the senses, and his claim, […] that what certain qualities are cannot be specified by example and exemplar.”
      • In other words, “It is possible to perceive by the senses what a certain quality F is if, and only if, it is possible to specify what this quality F is by example and exemplar.”
      • Therefore, in turn, “It is not possible to perceive by the senses what a certain quality F is if, and only if, it is not possible to specify what this quality F is by example and exemplar.”
    • Moreover, in cases like “equal”, “like”, “human”, “bed”, adequately specifying what these things are requires one to specify things that are not perceptible by the senses – e.g. unity.
  • Comparison between individual things bearing the same character (like being beautiful) couldn't be done if the essence of Beautiful would be perceived by the senses, because when we perceive by different senses, we would need another, universal standard to compare those.
    • Would we be able to do this comparison under the condition that only one particular sense is involved?
      • She (Kara) says “probably no”, because Forms are intertwined.
    • It is interesting that we even use the same word (like Beautiful) to describe perceptions of different senses at all!
  • Different “kinds” or “levels” of Forms?
    • The point is that there is “assymetric priority of definition” between different Forms. (Parmenides 130)
    • But there are also different kinds of Forms, with different roles (Sophist 253), and it is questionable whther those are also of different levels.
  • Vasilis' notes:
    • What are the requirements that Plato imposes for there not to be a Form of some certain thing or quality?
    • On what grounds do Plato extend or limit the scope of Forms?

#4 Why are essences, or forms, unitary, uniform and non-composite? Why are they changeless? Eternal? Are they logically independent of each other? [Pauline Sabrier]

  • Communion of Forms:
    • Republic 476a: ἀλλήλων κοινωνίᾳ
      • Greek original: “καὶ περὶ δὴ δικαίου καὶ ἀδίκου καὶ ἀγαθοῦ καὶ κακοῦ καὶ πάντων τῶν εἰδῶν πέρι ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος, αὐτὸ μὲν ἓν ἕκαστον εἶναι, τῇ δὲ τῶν πράξεων καὶ σωμάτων καὶ ἀλλήλων κοινωνίᾳ πανταχοῦ φανταζόμενα πολλὰ φαίνεσθαι ἕκαστον.”
      • Grube's unrevised version (according to Gould 1995): “The same is true of the just and the unjust, the good and the bad, and all the Forms: each is itself one, but because they appear everywhere with actions, and bodies, and each other, each appears to be many.”
      • Grube 1974: “The same is true of the just and the unjust, the good and the bad, and all the Forms14 each is itself one, but because they appear everywhere in association with actions, and bodies, and each other, each appears to be many.”
        • note 14: TODO
      • Reeve's revision 1992 : “And the same account is true of the just and the unjust, the good and the bad, and all the forms.27 Each of them is itself one, but because they manifest themselves everywhere in association with actions, bodies, and one another, each of them appears to be many.”
        • note 27: See 596a ff.
      • Reeve's revision in Complete Works 1997 only omits the note.
      • Waterfield 1994: “And the same principle applies to moral and immoral, good and bad, and everything of any type: in itself, each of them is single, but each of them has a plurality of manifestations because they appear all over the place, as they become associated with actions and bodies and one another.”
    • Republic 500c:
      • Original Greek: “οὐδὲ γάρ που, ὦ Ἀδείμαντε, σχολὴ τῷ γε ὡς ἀληθῶς πρὸς τοῖς οὖσι τὴν διάνοιαν ἔχοντι κάτω βλέπειν εἰς ἀνθρώπων [500ξ] πραγματείας, καὶ μαχόμενον αὐτοῖς φθόνου τε καὶ δυσμενείας ἐμπίμπλασθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰς τεταγμένα ἄττα καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἀεὶ ἔχοντα ὁρῶντας καὶ θεωμένους οὔτ᾽ ἀδικοῦντα οὔτ᾽ ἀδικούμενα ὑπ᾽ ἀλλήλων, κόσμῳ δὲ πάντα καὶ κατὰ λόγον ἔχοντα, ταῦτα μιμεῖσθαί τε καὶ ὅτι μάλιστα ἀφομοιοῦσθαι. ἢ οἴει τινὰ μηχανὴν εἶναι, ὅτῳ τις ὁμιλεῖ ἀγάμενος, μὴ μιμεῖσθαι ἐκεῖνο;”
      • Reeve's revision in Complete Works 1997: “No one whose thoughts are truly directed towards the things that are, Adeimantus, has the leisure to look down at human affairs or to be filled with envy and hatred by competing with people. Instead, as he looks at and studies things that are organized and always the same, that neither do injustice to one another nor suffer it, being all in a rational order, he imitates them and tries to become as like them as he can. Or do you think that someone can consort with things he admires without imitating them?”
    • Republic 531cd: ἀλλήλων κοινωνίαν
      • Original Greek: “οἶμαι δέ γε, ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, καὶ ἡ τούτων πάντων ὧν διεληλύθαμεν [531δ] μέθοδος ἐὰν μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀλλήλων κοινωνίαν ἀφίκηται καὶ συγγένειαν, καὶ συλλογισθῇ ταῦτα ᾗ ἐστὶν ἀλλήλοις οἰκεῖα, φέρειν τι αὐτῶν εἰς ἃ βουλόμεθα τὴν πραγματείαν καὶ οὐκ ἀνόνητα πονεῖσθαι, εἰ δὲ μή, ἀνόνητα.”
      • Reeve's revision in Complete Works 1997: “Moreover, I take it that, if inquiry into all the subjects we’ve mentioned brings out their association and relationship with one another and draws conclusions about their kinship, it does contribute something to our goal and isn’t labor in vain, but that otherwise it is in vain.”
    • Phaedo ???
    • Sophist 254c: κοινωνίας ἀλλήλων
      • Original Greek: “ὅτ᾽ οὖν δὴ τὰ μὲν ἡμῖν τῶν γενῶν ὡμολόγηται κοινωνεῖν ἐθέλειν ἀλλήλοις, τὰ δὲ μή, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον, τὰ δ᾽ ἐπὶ πολλά, τὰ δὲ καὶ διὰ πάντων οὐδὲν κωλύειν τοῖς [254ξ] πᾶσι κεκοινωνηκέναι, τὸ δὴ μετὰ τοῦτο συνεπισπώμεθα τῷ λόγῳ τῇδε σκοποῦντες, μὴ περὶ πάντων τῶν εἰδῶν, ἵνα μὴ ταραττώμεθα ἐν πολλοῖς, ἀλλὰ προελόμενοι τῶν μεγίστων λεγομένων ἄττα, πρῶτον μὲν ποῖα ἕκαστά ἐστιν, ἔπειτα κοινωνίας ἀλλήλων πῶς ἔχει δυνάμεως.”
      • Reeve's revision in Complete Works 1997: “We’ve agreed on this: some kinds will associate with each other and some won’t, some will to a small extent and others will associate a great deal, nothing prevents still others from being allpervading—from being associated with every one of them. So next let’s pursue our account together this way. Let’s not talk about every form. That way we won’t be thrown off by dealing with too many of them. Instead let’s choose some of the most important ones. First we’ll ask what they’re like, and next we’ll ask about their ability to associate with each other.”
    • Sophist 257a:
      • Original Greek: “καὶ τὸ ὂν ἄρ᾽ ἡμῖν, ὅσαπέρ ἐστι τὰ ἄλλα, κατὰ τοσαῦτα οὐκ ἔστιν: ἐκεῖνα γὰρ οὐκ ὂν ἓν μὲν αὐτό ἐστιν, ἀπέραντα δὲ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τἆλλα οὐκ ἔστιν αὖ. […] οὐκοῦν δὴ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ δυσχεραντέον, ἐπείπερ ἔχει κοινωνίαν ἀλλήλοις ἡ τῶν γενῶν φύσις. εἰ δέ τις ταῦτα μὴ συγχωρεῖ, πείσας ἡμῶν τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν λόγους οὕτω πειθέτω τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα.”
      • Reeve's revision in Complete Works 1997: “So even that which is is not, in as many applications as there are of the others, since, not being them, it is one thing, namely itself, and on the other hand it is not those others, which are an indefinite number. […] So then we shouldn’t even be annoyed about this conclusion, precisely because it’s the nature of kinds to allow association with each other.”
    • Against communion of Forms:
      • Symposium ???
    • Secondary sources:
      • Moravcsik 197_ (???)
        • Probably: Moravcsik, J. M. E. (1973), ‘The anatomy of Plato’s divisions’ in E. N. Lee, A. P. D. Mourelatos and R. Rorty (eds), Exegesis and Argument, Assen: Van Gorcum, 324–7.
        • But see also:
      • Siedler (???)
      • Ryle
      • Gill

#5 The relation between knowledge and enquiry in the Phaedo [Philipp Steinkruger]

  • N/A

#6 Why are essences, or forms, distinct from sense-perceptible things? [Kristian Larsen]

  • N/A

#7 Why are essences, or forms, separate from physical things? [Tianqin Ge]

  • The primary notion (issue) of separation is not whether they can exist separately without being instantiated.

#8 The role of the essence of Oneness in judgements about sense-perceptible things [David Meissner]

  • CANCELLED

#9 Why does thinking of things require essences, or forms? [Daniel Hoyer]

  • The purpose of Sophist (?) is to allow Forms to have two different things:
    • Their own quality that they simply have as their essence (F for the Form of F)
    • Other qualities that they have in virtue of their participation on other Forms

#10 Why are essences, or forms, the basis of all causation and explanation? [Giulio di Basilio]

(Chapter 6 of the Manuscript)

  • Contra selfpredication:
    • “Some opposite argument would confront you if you said that someone is bigger or smaller by a head, first, because the bigger is bigger and the smaller smaller by the same, then because the bigger is bigger by a head which is small, and this would be strange, namely, that someone is made bigger by something small. Would you not be afraid of this?” (Phaedo 101ab)
  • Vasilis: this only explains that it would be absurd to explain why something is large by appeal to something small
    • But the previous passage says that “everything that is bigger is made bigger by nothing else than by Bigness, and that is the cause of its being bigger, and the smaller is made smaller only by Smallness, and this is why it is smaller”
    • This seems to imply that if
      1. it is silly to explain bigness of a thing by something small, and
      2. bigness is always caused by Bigness, then
      3. at least it does not sound weird to claim that bigness should be caused by something big, therefore Bigness should be big
  • Schemata of explanation (Phaedo 102b3–105c7):
    • Simple schema (100b1102b3; 105b5c6):
      • O is accidentally F
      • because:
        1. O is appropriately related (by relation R) to the essence of F, Ess(F).
    • Complex schema (103c10105c7):
      • O is, accidentally, F
      • because
        1. O is appropriately related (by relation R1) to S
        2. and:
          1. S is distinct from the essence of F, Ess(F), and
          2. S is essentially F, and
          3. S is essentially F because it is appropriately related (by relation R2) to the essence of F, Ess(F).
  • Minimal forms of schemata:
    • Simple schema: O is F because OREss(F)
    • Complex schema: O is F because [(OR1S) and (SR2Ess(F))]

#11 What yokes together Mind and World? [Daniel Vazquez]

(Chapter 10 of the Manuscript)

  • Phaedo 99d100a claims:
    1. We ought to investigate things, not directly through the senses, but through logoi, ‘statements’.
    2. To investigate things through logoi is not to investigate them indirectly, that is, to investigate them only in and through our representations and theories of them; any more than to investigate a thing by looking at it is to investigate it only in and through an image of it.
  • How is it possible to combine these claims?
    • Vasilis: In Plato, there's no opposition “between investigating the things themselves and investigating things in and through our questions and answers about them”.
  • Why is that? The explanation is in Sun analogy:
    • Republic 508e14: “What gives truth to the things known and the power (dunamis) to know to the knower is the idea of the good. And though it is the cause (aitia) of knowledge and truth…”
    • Republic 509b68: What the Good provides for the things is not only their being capable of being known, but their very being and essence (to einai te kai tēn ousian)
    • In other words, the Form of Good makes all things knowable, and therefore assures a correspondency between reality and our true logoi.
    • In Vasilis' words: The Good is characterised here as “the single cause (aitia) of, on the one hand, the soul’s ability (dunamis) to think of and to know things; and, on the other hand, the things’ ability (dunamis) to be thought of and known, and indeed their being (cf. to einai) and essence (if we read hē ousia here as ‘the essence’)”.

#12 Forms simply are essences [Vasilis Politis]

Originally Zuzanna Gnatek.

  • “Why have critics been so ready to suppose that Plato’s Forms are things that have essences, and not considered it, from the start, an open question whether they may not, rather, simply be essences? The answer, apparently, is that they have, from the start, been thinking of the whole issue of essentialism in Aristotelian terms.”
  • “Aristotle gives an altogether different account of Plato’s Forms. In chapter six of book Zeta of the Metaphysics, he says, as clearly as one could wish for, that, for Plato or a Platonist, those things that have an essence in the strict sense—which, for Plato and Platonist, are the Forms—are identical with their essence. He appears to conclude that he, too, no less than Plato, is committed to the view that, if a thing has an essence in the strict sense, then it is identical with its essence; except that, he, Aristotle, does not think that the things that have an essence in the strict sense are Platonic Forms, and he wants to argue that physical things, too, have an essence in the strict sense. And he indicates that, in his view, a Platonist, who denies that physical things have an essence, has an easier time satisfying the thesis that a thing that in the strict sense has an essence is identical with its essence, than does he, Aristotle.”
  • Plato, in contrast with Aristotle, needs not only to use the One as a consequence of defining other things and thus arriving to their unities, but he also needs to show that we need Oneness on its own, for its own sake.

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2020/02/14 15:49 · Róbert Toth
start.1378892983.txt.gz · Posledná úprava: 2013/09/11 11:49 od Róbert Toth